DOPING: NIGERIAN ATHLETE WINS, LOSES AT COURT OF ARBITRATION

It was a bitter-sweet experience for a Nigerian athlete, Mr. Clement Krobakpo as The Court of Arbitration for Sport sitting in Lausanne, Switzerland upheld his four-year ban for doping, even as it backdated the commencement of the sanction.

In an award sighted by CITY LAWYER, the arbitral panel refused to disturb the finding of guilt by the sole arbitrator in a Notice of Charge brought by Badminton World Federation (BWF).

Krobakpo had suspended himself from further participation in the Africa Games held in Rabat, Morocco following an Adverse Analytical Finding (AAF) on a urine sample collected during the competition showing the presence of Clenbuterol, a banned substance.

Though the BWF had accepted that the presence of two specified substances had arisen from Krobakpo’s ingestion of “Freedom Juice” and “that the presence of these substances was unintentional,” the federation nonetheless levied a Notice of Charge against Krobakpo for violation of the WADA Clenbuterol Guidelines.

While the Sole Arbitrator who constituted the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS) Anti-Doping Division slammed a four-year ban on Krobakpo on 2nd January, 2021, the appellate arbitral court however held that Krobakpo could not suffer doubly for trial delays occasioned by the regulatory authorities.

In an appeal brought against the Badminton World Federation by Krobakpo and argued by senior lawyer, Mr. John Duru of Rose Chambers, Lagos, Nigeria, the appellant argued that because of the undue delay in processing his case within the BWF, he was entitled to as early a start date as possible (date of sample collection) under the BWF ADR.

Though the BWF argued that it was not responsible for the about 11-month delay, the arbitral panel noted that the BWF ADR “provide in its Article 10.13.1 that substantial delays not attributable to the athlete in the processing of his case permit the Panel to backdate the start of the period of Ineligibility to as early as sample collection.

“Put simply, athletes should not be subject to the risk of serious harm occasioned by anti-doping authorities’ failure to function effectively at a high level of performance.”

Quoting an early CAS panel “populated by esteemed arbitrators,” the arbitral panel said: “The fight against doping is arduous, and it may require strict rules. But the rule-makers and the rule-appliers must begin by being strict with themselves. Regulations that may affect the careers of dedicated athletes must be predictable.”

The arbitral panel therefore “conceded there was substantial delay in resolving this dispute that was not attributable to the Athlete.”

In resolving the issue in favour of Krobakpo, the panel held as follows: “As a result, the Panel is of the view that the period of Ineligibility should commence on the date of his sample collection. In other words, the Panel is of the view that the Appellant should receive a four-year period of Ineligibility commencing on the date of this Award, with credit for the time from the date of the commencement of his sample collection, 25 August 2019, to the present, resulting in a forward period of Ineligibility equal to the difference between 4 years and the time from 25 August 2019, until the date of this Award.”

The Court of Arbitration for Sport was constituted by Mr. Jeffrey Benz, admitted to practice in England and the United States, as President while Washington DC-based attorney, Dr. Ucheora Onwuamaegbu and China based lawyer, Dr. Shouzhi An acted as the arbitrators. Aside from Duru, BWF was represented by Thomas Delaye Fortin, its Head of Legal and Governance in Canada.

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JANADA INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR ARBITRATION HOLDS TRAINING

The Janada International Centre for Arbitration and Mediation (JICAM) last Friday commenced the maiden edition of its 2-Day Hybrid Intensive Arbitration Training Program aimed at educating trainees on the rudiments and key elements of Arbitration as well as setting the course for a career pathway in Arbitration and Mediation.

The training program was anchored by the JICAM Governing Council/Faculty Members including Hon. Justice Ibrahim Auta (Rtd) OFR, (Chairman, Governing Council), Chief Joe-Kyari Gadzama SAN, C.Arb, Prof. Paul Idornigie SAN C.Arb, Mrs. Diane Okoko FCIArb.(UK), Prof. Ike Ehiribe FCIArb., Dr. Fidele Masengo PhD and Mr. Samuel Kayode Fagade, MCIArb. (Registrar, Governing Council). Participants included aspirants to the Nigerian Bar, young lawyers, non-lawyers and entrepreneurs who attended both virtually and in-person at the venue, J-K Gadzama Court.

JICAM, an initiative pioneered by the renowned Chief Joe-Kyari Gadzama, SAN, (Chairman, Board of Trustees), had before now been engaged in the following services exclusively: Appointing Authority, Secretarial and Administrative Services, Hearings, Video Conferencing, Transcription, Recording Service, Case Management and Fund Management.

However, with the launch of its maiden edition of the Arbitration Training Program, the institution has expanded its scope from being strictly an Arbitration Centre to a learning portal, having acquired the relevant training license and being constituted with qualified professionals in the field.

According to the centre, “This first edition has so far been an immense success seeing the participation of attendees from different jurisdictions. It is a laudable initiative which offers a golden opportunity to persons desirous of having knowledge in the field of Arbitration.”

In an exclusive interview with the General Manager, Mr. Samuel Fagade, he explained the need for knowledge of Arbitration as the times are changing and disputants seeking more proactive means of resolving disputes. According to him, “the training will offer participants in-depth insight of the concept and general workings of Arbitration while setting them on the right course for future growth if they wish to further their careers along that line.” He also disclosed that the trainees would be issued recognized certificates upon completion of the program.

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‘WE’LL PARTNER WITH CIARB TO MAKE LAGOS ADR HUB,’ SAYS SANWO-OLU

Members of the Executive Committee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) Nigeria Branch recently paid a courtesy visit to the Governor of Lagos State, Mr. Babajide Sanwo-olu. The aim of the visit was to discuss areas of collaboration.

Chief J. Akingbola Akinola, SAN, CIArb thanked the Governor of Lagos State Mr. Babajide Sanwoolu for taking out time from his very busy schedule to receive the CIArb delegation, a statement obtained by CITY LAWYER noted. He observed that Lagos State plays a pivotal role in the Nigerian economy and it remains the focal point of economic, financial and commercial activities in the country.

Akinola added that a lot of infrastructural development is ongoing in Lagos State and that as disputes are an inevitable part of commercial activities, the establishment of an effective and efficient dispute resolution framework with well-trained and equipped human capital is essential for the economic growth as well as commercial activity within Lagos State. He lauded the progressive nature of the Lagos State Government under the Leadership of the Governor.

He informed the Governor that the Institute is positioned to partner with the Lagos State Government in capacity building and the use of the ADR mechanisms to support the activities of the government.

The Governor thanked the CIArb delegation for the visit and commended the CIArb Nigeria Branch on the work being done by the institute in the field of ADR and training of ADR practitioners. He noted that arbitration is an important tool to settle disputes and there is a need for capacity building in this area. He assured the CIArb Nigeria Branch of his support to develop Lagos State into an ADR hub.

Among the CIArb Nigeria Branch delegation were the 1st Vice Chair, Mrs. Sola Adegbonmire, C.Arb; the 3rd Vice Chair, Mrs. Obosa Akpata, C.Arb; Branch Secretary, Mrs. Josephine Akinwunmi, FCIArb; Branch Treasurer, Mr. Akin Omisade, FCIArb; Chairman of the Training Sub-Committee, Mr. Seyilayo Ojo, C.Arb; Assistant Secretary, Mr. Ibifubara Berenibara FCIArb, and the General Manager of the Branch, Ms. Chinelo Agbala.

The Lagos State delegation included the Deputy Governor of Lagos State, Dr. Kadri Obafemi Hamzat; the Attorney-General of Lagos State, Mr. Moyosore Onigbanjo, SAN, FCIArb; the Special Adviser on Education, Mr. Tokunbo Wahab and the Account-General of Lagos State, Mr. Abiodun Muritala.

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ADEKOYA RETIRES FROM AELEX, NGIGE HAILS LEGAL ICON

BY EMEKA NWADIOKE

Pre-eminent senior lawyer and Bar Leader, Mrs. Funke Adekoya SAN is set to retire from AELEX, a leading Tier-1 law firm she co-founded with four partners almost 18 years ago. This is coming against the backdrop of her attainment of the age of 70 years.

Perhaps pre-empting her retirement, Adekoya wrote in July 2020 on Twitter: “Time flies when you’re having fun! Glad to have been a part of this dream. Looking forward (with some trepidation I must confess) to the next step in the strategy plan – retirement! Many more mountains to climb!! #Lawfirmmanagement. #Strategy. https://lnkd.in/eNhQybh.”

Meanwhile, the legal industry has been agog with effusive encomiums on the respected legal amazon and globally acclaimed arbitrator. Extolling the virtues of the former Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) First Vice President, the Chairman of the Council of Legal Education (CLE), Chief Emeka Ngige (SAN) described her as “a great Amazon at the Bar.”

According to Ngige, “I took interest in Mrs. Adekoya when she contested and was re-elected as the National Treasurer of NBA at the 1991 NBA Annual General Conference held at Owerri. Her Treasurer’s report shook the conference to its foundations. Since then Mrs. Adekoya has remained a beacon of conscience and integrity at the Bar.”

Not done with his lavish praise, Ngige said: “As the 1st Vice President under Chief Wole Olanipekun’s able leadership she proposed the introduction of Stamp and Seal by the NBA to check the activities of fake lawyers. She has also contributed immensely to the improvement in the standard of legal education when she served as a member of the Council of Legal Education. She did her utmost best to raise the Bar in the legal profession with the setting up of one of the best law firms in Africa.”

Concluding, the CLE Chairman and former NBA presidential candidate said: “As Madam Funke clocks 70 and retires from active legal practice, I join her numerous well wishers and brothers in wishing her a joyful birthday, many happier returns, sound health, greater heights and peace of mind! I am very proud to be associated with her.”

Adekoya is a founding Partner at the firm and heads the Dispute Resolution Practice Group. Appointed Notary Public in 1986 and elevated to the rank of Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) in 2001, Adekoya has almost 50 years experience in Litigation and Arbitration. As a Litigator, she represents clients regularly before the Nigerian courts at all levels. She also provides expert opinions and has appeared as an expert witness on Nigerian law issues before the courts of England, United States and Turkey.

In the field of arbitration, she represents both local and transnational parties as counsel in domestic and international arbitration proceedings within Nigeria and abroad and has acted in numerous disputes as either party appointed Arbitrator, Sole Arbitrator or Presiding Arbitrator. She lectures regularly on arbitration law and procedure and has been approved by the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators as a Tutor at the Associate to Fellowship Course level.

A LLM graduate of the prestigious Harvard Law School, Boston, Massachusetts, Adekoya is regularly listed by leading global ranking entities as a go-to lawyer, especially in litigation and arbitration. She is ranked Band 1 (Dispute Resolution) by Chambers and Partners; Thought Leader (Arbitration) by Who’s Who Legal; “Most Outstanding Female Legal Practitioner” by Financial Standard Newspaper of the Year 2007, and “Most Outstanding Female Legal Practitioner” by Women Entrepreneurs African of the Year 2007 Network.

Reflecting on her service to the Sanctions Board of The World Bank Group, the board wrote that she “brought a wealth of knowledge and expertise to the Sanctions Board in the past years, ”adding that she “made deep contributions to the jurisprudence of the Sanctions Board and the World Bank Group’s anti-corruption agenda.”

Aside from being a former Chair of the NBA Section on Legal Practice (NBA-SLP), CITY LAWYER recalls that it was Adekoya – as Chair of an NBA Lagos Branch committee – who recommended litigation against the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Attorney General of the Federation when the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) sought to compel lawyers to make reports on their clients to the Special Control Unit against Money Laundering (SCUML). The recommendation was unanimously endorsed by NBA-NEC. Both the trial court and Court of Appeal gave judgement in favour of NBA. It is not clear whether any further appeal is pending on the matter.

Adekoya who is the President of International Lawyers for Africa (ILFA) is frequently appointed to arbitral tribunals, either as sole or party-appointed arbitrator conducting proceedings under the rules of the ICC, ICSID, UNCITRAL and LMAA. Arbitrations in which she has been involved range from disputes arising from gas sales agreements, oil rig supply contracts to joint ventures in construction and real estate.

Her recent appointments have been in disputes brought under the ambit of either a BIT or an investment agreement. She was most recently appointed by the State party as arbitrator in an investment dispute between the purchasers of a monopoly electricity producer and the State in one case and in another case, the dispute was between an investor alleging breach of a mining contract by a State and the subsequent cancellation of the investor’s mining licence. She also advises clients on award enforcement issues within Nigeria and leads the counsel team in arbitration-related litigation.

Adekoya is a Fellow and has achieved chartered arbitrator status at the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, London and has served as the Chair of its Nigerian Branch. She was a founding Board Member of the Lagos Court of Arbitration (LCA) and a former member and a past Vice President of the Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Paris.

Her other memberships include the London Court of International Arbitration African Users Council and the Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration where she sits on the Board of Trustees. She is also a member and past Vice President of the Governing Board of the International Council for Commercial Arbitration, in addition to being a member of the African Users Council of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre. She is a member of the Arbitration Foundation of South Africa’s International Arbitration Rules Drafting Committee’s Advisory Board and the International Appointments Committee of the Scottish Arbitration Centre.

A Life Bencher, Adekoya is listed on various panels, including the ICSID Chairman’s Panel of Arbitrators; those of CIETAC, the Kigali International Arbitration Centre, the Lagos Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration and the Panel of Neutrals of both the Lagos Multi-Door Courthouse and the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC).

She has been invited to conduct arbitration training courses in Accra, Ghana and Kigali, Rwanda and is a regular speaker on arbitration law and practice both within and outside Nigeria.

Adekoya holds both Nigerian and British nationality and in addition to her being called to the Nigerian bar, she is qualified as a Solicitor in England and Wales. She is a member of the Nigerian Bar Association, International Bar Association (IBA), International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA), Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (UK) and LCIA African Users Council.

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GADZAMA @ 60: HOT PRIZES FOR BUSINESS LAW DEBATE

About N1.75 Million is to be won in the “Business Law Debate” to mark the 60th birthday anniversary of pioneer Chairman of the Nigerian Bar Association Section on Public Interest and Development Law (NBA-SPIDEL), Chief Joe-Kyari Gadzama SAN.

The debate is open to lawyers of 1-10 years post-call. Participants are required to send a video of themselves arguing ‘Whether the Nigerian law should permit third party funding in arbitration.’

The 32 valid entries with the highest ‘likes’ on Instagram will be shortlisted for the next round. The entries close today.

Meanwhile, Gadzama has vowed to debunk “mammoth series of falsehood being concocted and peddled against my person, practice and interpersonal relationship within the legal profession.”

The statements made available to CITY LAWYER read:

N1.75M To Be Won as J-K Gadzama SAN Turns 60.

Are you a lawyer?
Can you debate??
You know a thing or two about Business law???

Then don’t miss this opportunity!
N1,000,000; N500,000 and N250,000 are up for grabs as J-K Gadzama SAN celebrates his 60th Birthday.

Interested Participants should quickly submit their application to partake in this competition

Don’t wait to be told!
Participate!!

THE MANY FALSEHOODS AGAINST JOE-KYARI GADZAMA, SAN
——————————–
REFUTAL SERIES

Dear Colleagues,

My attention has been drawn to the mammoth series of falsehood being concocted and peddled against my person, practice and interpersonal relationship within the legal profession.

Against this backdrop, it has become pertinent, now more than ever, especially given the likelihood of misconstrued silence as admittance, to state, and categorically so, the true position of things.

Therefore, in the coming days, weeks and months I will be stating in unequivocal terms, my position on the many lies, unwarranted publications and red herrings against my person and practice. Indeed, no matter how dark and scary the night is, it must give way to the light and joy of the morning. I intend to, religiously shine the light of my truth through the many dark lies against my person.

For the record, most of my professional interactions have been documented from day one and I will tap from that rich reserve to put to death these roaring mendacities of falsehood.

Thank you.

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AFAA LAUNCHES AFRICAN ARBITRATION DIRECTORY, PROFILES ADEKOYA, OTHERS

The African Arbitration Association (AfAA) has unveiled “A Directory of African International Arbitrators (DAIA)” as well as the “African Arbitration Atlas,” a free online one-stop resource that comprises of African Arbitration Legislation (AAL).

Announcing the launch of the resources in a statement, AFAA said: “The AAL holds arbitration laws of African countries. It is a tool that has interactive and comparative features. The interactive features allow a user to hover over text on the left-hand side of the page, which will highlight countries on the interactive map of the continent indicating whether or not they have arbitration institutions, have adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law and are signatories to the New York Convention, the ICSID Convention and OHADA.

“Clicking a country on the interactive map will bring up an arbitration summary of that country, allowing a user to view, search and download that country’s arbitration legislation. A user is also able to view contact details of a country’s arbitration institution(s), if any. The comparative feature allows a user to compare arbitration provisions of two African countries or of an African country with the UNCITRAL Model Law by selecting them and the arbitration topics from a dropdown menu.

“The DAIA holds information on African arbitrators with international arbitration experience or qualification. Users are able to search arbitrators by gender, nationality, language, areas of specialism and more. Users are also able to contact arbitrators directly.”

Among the leading Nigerian arbitrators profiled in the inaugural Directory of African International Arbitrators (DAIA) are Mrs. Funke Adekoya SAN, Prof. Ike Ehiribe, Mrs. Olusola Adegbonmire, Mr. Muhammad Belgore SAN, Mrs. Diane Okoko and Mr. Isaiah Bozimo.

While spotlighting Adekoya, AfAA stated that “Her appointments have been both ad-hoc and institutional under the LCIA, ICC and ICSID rules, where she has acted as sole, party appointed or chaired arbitral panels in disputes arising out of shareholder agreements, commercial contracts, licensing or joint venture arrangements in the energy, natural resources and infrastructure sectors.

“She is a Chartered Arbitrator of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and was a past Chairman of the Nigeria Branch. She is ranked in Chambers Global and in Who’s Who Legal Arbitration, is listed on the Chairman’s Panel of Arbitrators at ICSID and is currently a member of the ICC Africa Commission.”

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JICAM RULES: ‘P & ID CONTRACT WAS FRAUDULENT, POORLY DRAFTED,’ SAYS SAN

A senior advocate of Nigeria and chartered arbitrator, Prof. Paul Idornigie SAN at the weekend took a hard look at the controversial P & ID Case and concluded that the contract was fraudulent and poorly drafted.

Idornigie was speaking at the weekend in Abuja during the launch of the Janada International Centre for Arbitration & Mediation (JICAM) Rules 2020.

The foremost arbitrator whose paper was titled “Institutional Arbitration in Africa Post-COVID-19” stated that “the (P & ID) contract was fraudulent ab initio,” adding that “the contract was not properly drafted.”

According to Idornigie, the courts are not equipped to cure defective contracts, even as he urged arbitrators to “Africanize” arbitration by choosing Africa as the seat of arbitration in line with the “Africa Promise.”

On why Nigeria is not a leading arbitral centre and seat of arbitration, Idornigie who is also a member of the JICAM Governing Council said: “From my personal knowledge, most hearings in Nigeria are either held in hotels or law offices of the Legal Practitioners.  Such hearings whether domestic or international are not documented.  This probably accounts for the poor performance of Nigeria in this survey report.  This is without prejudice to the fact that issues of security, facilities, infrastructure and integrity of the Nigerian courts may also be factors responsible for the poor ranking of Nigeria in the continent.”

“The above lends credence to the establishment of JICAM.  JICAM is not only an arbitral centre but will perform arbitral services as it has its own Rules of Arbitration and Mediation.  These Rules are modern and comparable to other Rules like that of ICC and LCIA.  Indeed they are a blend of both.”

He stated that Nigeria’s legal framework would not adversely impact arbitral proceedings due to the advent of virtual hearings, saying: “Arbitration in Nigeria does not suffer the effect of the Evidence Act (s256(1)(a), the Constitution (s36(3) & (4) and the judicial pronouncements on hearing in public.  Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, I have used Skype, audio and video-conferencing at JICAM and ICAMA, Abuja and LCA, Lagos.”

Continuing, he said: “However, quite unlike physical hearing, we must prepare adequately for virtual hearing.  This is the challenge post-COVID.  For African arbitration institutions to survive, they must have facilities for virtual hearing side by side  the existing facilities for physical hearing.  There are enough Protocols, Guidelines, Guidance Notes, etc on this as highlighted above.  Thus several issues will arise before, during and after the arbitral proceedings that must be carefully addressed.”

He warned that “The arbitral institutions that will survive are those with modern rules and facilities for both physical and virtual hearings.  The arbitrators that will be in business are those who are innovative, creative and digitally knowledgeable.”

In his remarks, former Chief Judge of the Federal High Court, Hon. Justice Ibrahim Auta said that he was “proud at the strides JICAM has recorded since its formal establishment in 2015. In keeping with its aim to promote a forum for the resolution of disputes, we have supported disputing parties in active reconciliation and resolution of their disputes.”

A fellow of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (UK), Justice Auta, who is also the Chairman of the JICAM Governing Council, stated that online dispute resolution (ODR) has witnessed a resurgence due to the COVID-19 pandemic, saying: “We have witnessed online giants utilize this mechanism in the resolution of buyer to customer disputes but we have failed to expand its use to the resolution of the common disputes. Perhaps this is an appropriate time to discuss the Rules we aim to launch, today.”

Noting that “parties with bad cases could easily frustrate such an attempt by withholding the consent to conduct such proceedings virtually,” Justice Auta, who was represented by Mrs. Diane Okoko, added that “we have equipped our center with state of the art facilities including high speed internet for this very purpose. In similar fashion, the Rules take care of numerous other issues which have been unclear in the arbitration space which I do not intend on boring you with today.”

On his part, the President of the National Industrial Court of Nigeria, Justice Benedict Kanyip who was the Special Guest of Honour stated that the Arbitration and Conciliation Act “does not apply in trade disputes,” adding that such disagreements are sui generis.

In his welcome address, former Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) presidential candidate, Chief Joe-Kyari Gadzama SAN said: “Indeed, while I consider it a huge privilege to have some of the best minds in the Alternative Dispute Resolution sector present at this event, I strongly believe that the launch of the JICAM Arbitration & Mediation Rules 2020 will usher in a new era in the realms of our Alternative Dispute Resolution engagements, which in the long run, will contribute significantly to the development of ADR both locally and internationally.”

According to Gadzama who is also a chartered arbitrator and fellow of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (UK), JICAM “was established in 2015 and commissioned by the then President of the Court of Appeal, Hon Justice Zainab Bulkachuwa, OFR, CON, as a dispute resolution center designed to promote a suitable forum for the resolution of domestic and international disputes,” adding that “JICAM is fully equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, with its rules and guidelines accommodating both ad hoc and institutional arbitration.”

Concluding, the leading litigator said: “I strongly believe that this comprehensive document will facilitate speedier, more effective and efficient arbitration cum mediation proceedings, which in the long run will promote the advancement and viability of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa.”

In his goodwill message, the President of Institute of Chartered Mediators and Conciliators (ICMC), Chief Emeka Obegolu, commended JICAM for unveiling the new Rules.

Noting that there are over 10 prominent Arbitration and Mediation institutions in Nigeria, the former NBA General Secretary said: “I believe the general hope is for these institutions to leave their mark in the dispute resolution landscape, and contribute to the effective resolution of disputes. However, to achieve this, there must be synergy of some sort between these institutions. We must see ourselves not as competitors, but as partners in this dynamic field of ADR.”

In a similar goodwill message, the Chairman of the Abuja Chapter of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (UK), Mr. Chinwendu Madumere noted that the institute maintains a robust relationship with JICAM, adding that the emergence of the centre would “bridge the gap of having a world class arbitration centre with appropriate facilities and Rules.”

The event was moderated by the JICAM Acting General Manager, Chimdindu Onyedim-Etuwewe while Bar. Lama Joe-Kyari Gadzama gave the vote of thanks.

Copyright 2020 CITY LAWYER. Please send emails to citylawyermag@gmail.com. Join us on Facebook at https://web.facebook.com/City-Lawyer-Magazine-434937936684320 and on TWITTER at https://twitter.com/CityLawyerMag All materials available on this Website are protected by copyright, trade mark and other proprietary and intellectual property laws. You may not use any of our intellectual property rights without our express written consent or attribution to www.citylawyermag.com. However, you are permitted to print or save to your individual PC, tablet or storage extracts from this Website for your own personal non-commercial use.