VIRTUAL COURTS

  • EDITOR'S CHOICE
  • Jun 10, 2020
  • 0
  • Comments Off on VIRTUAL HEARING SUITS: FEDERAL JUDGE, SANs PREDICT OUTCOME AT SUPREME COURT

VIRTUAL HEARING SUITS: FEDERAL JUDGE, SANs PREDICT OUTCOME AT SUPREME COURT

SUPREME COURT’LL DECLARE SUITS AS ACADEMIC, HYPOTHETICAL – OSIPITAN

By Emeka Nwadioke

A federal judge and some leading jurists today disagreed on the merit of the lawsuits filed at the Supreme Court by Lagos and Ekiti States challenging the constitutionality of virtual hearing by Nigerian courts.

CITY LAWYER had in an exclusive report revealed plans by South West Attorneys-General (SWAG) to seek a constitutional interpretation of virtual court hearings as set out in the National Judicial Council (NJC) Guidelines and sundry Practice Directions issued by heads of courts.

Speaking at an Attorneys-General Colloquium on “Remote hearing and e-filing in Nigeria: A broader perspective and practical, foolproof implementation,” Ekiti State Attorney-General & Commissioner for Justice, Mr. Olawale Fapohunda had said that the Attorneys-General of Lagos, Ondo and Oyo States would head to the Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of remote hearings. Both Lagos and Ekiti States have now filed matters at the Supreme Court asking the apex court to determine the constitutionality of virtual hearings among other reliefs.

No sooner had the CITY LAWYER report hit the newsstands than some senior lawyers lampoon the move by the attorneys-general.

Also speaking today at the Nigerian Bar Association, Lagos Branch webinar on “An engagement with the National Industrial Court of Nigeria on the Practice Directions and Guidelines for Court Sitting 2020,” Justice Benedict Bakwaph Kanyip, President of the court, expressed serious doubts over the merit of the SWAG cases. However, the two panelists that featured on the webinar had differing views on the matter.

While foremost law teacher and expert in evidence law, Prof. Taiwo Osipitan SAN aligned with Justice Kanyip, arguing that no dispute has arisen between the States and the Federation as to justify the attention of the Supreme Court, leading commercial lawyer, Prof. Konyin Ajayi SAN disagreed, arguing that the SWAG suits have merit.

Said Justice Kanyip: “I have not seen the (court) papers. But what was reported in the press was that they had gone to the Supreme Court to ask the Supreme Court to state whether what they are doing is not legal. It is one thing to say, ‘This thing that is being done has injured me.’ It is another thing to say, ‘I have acted; confirm to me that what I did is legal.’ This second example, from what I have gathered, is what has been sent upstairs. I don’t know how – even if it is Federal High Court, as Prof. (Osipitan) said that interpretation of the Constitution is that of the Federal High Court – even if it is Federal High Court, can you go to Federal High Court and say, ‘This thing I have done, validate it for me, tell me its valid.’ I really don’t know. It is something I have been thinking and thinking.”

He added: “I think Section 36 deals with fair hearing, fair trial. We have to also look at whether the virtual sitting, virtual hearing, remote hearing key into that. I really don’t see any reason why we cannot come to the conclusion that fair hearing and fair trial is not hindered by virtual hearing.”

On his part, Osipitan queried the merit of the SWAG suits, saying: “Looking at the issue of disputes, the Supreme Court of Nigeria is the apex court. It has just one original jurisdiction – to determine disputes between the Federation and the States or inter-State disputes, insofar as those disputes depend on existence of rights.

“In other words, not just disputes but disputes that will call into question the rights and duties of the parties. And I keep on asking myself, going to the Supreme Court to seek interpretation of the Constitution against who? Against the Federal Government. What has the Federal Government or the Executive done to warrant being dragged to the Supreme Court?”

Passing his judgement on the SWAG suits, the respected senior advocate declared: “I see that case as very academic and very hypothetical. Granted that the National Assembly wants to amend the Constitution; that itself creates a dispute between a litigant and the National Assembly with respect to the interpretation of the Constitution. If that is the case, that creates a lis, a dispute. But the place to go to is the Federal High Court for issues that have to do with the interpretation and application of the Constitution. The Federal High Court has jurisdiction over such issues.”

On the point made by Justice Kanyip that the SWAG suits turn on a prayer for the Supreme Court to validate earlier acts of Lagos State, Osipitan said: “Supreme Court decides – and indeed all courts decide – live issues, not to give advisory opinion. If what they require is advisory opinion, the journey must start at the Federal High Court – and they now do case stated to the Court of Appeal and to the Supreme Court. But let us see how the Supreme Court will decide the matter.”

Turning to the plan by the National Assembly to amend the Constitution to accommodate virtual hearing, the University of Lagos law teacher said: “I also do not see how the National Assembly could amend the Constitution to insert the aspect of virtual hearing. The Constitution is a very serious document, very very serious. For them to amend it, they will also need the support of the States; in other words, after finishing at the National Assembly, they still must have the support of the State Assemblies. So they have problems with the States that are not going to agree with them. But I do not think that what is happening justifies the amendment of the Constitution; certainly No! We can interpret the Constitution in a purposive and liberal manner, to the extent that wherever you have the word ‘hearing in public,’ it does not mean that members of the public will all be physically there; all they are saying is opportunity to view the proceedings, to follow the proceedings. It is a matter of interpretation; we don’t require any amendment to the Constitution.

“In terms of the dispute they have placed before the Supreme Court, I am afraid they have gone to the wrong court and I can predict that the outcome is likely to be that it is academic, it’s hypothetical and it is outside the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.”

But Ajayi disagreed, saying: “The Constitution must be read in a manner that ensures that there is justice. The Supreme Court has said in a number of cases – including Global Excellence v Duke – that the language of the Constitution, although it doesn’t change, the changing circumstances of the society for which it is designed must yield to new and fuller need. In other words, you change your statutes, you don’t change your Constitution. The point has been made as to what is ‘public’ and what is the purpose of that. You cannot amend the Constitution whenever anything changes
“The question is, is this suit by Lagos State academic? Is it a dispute? Two things arise: One is, can the Supreme Court take an academic matter? It has said over and over again that it does not take academic matters. But then, the jurisprudence of this point is that there is a difference between a hypothetical matter and an academic issue.

“A hypothetical question is taken by a court when it is of public importance. And there are a number of English House of Lords, Supreme Court decisions on that point, that say, they will take a hypothetical question that is of public importance. Let us take this matter for instance; is it a matter of public interest? Yes, it is because it is notionally possible that we would be unable to go to court for two years. So, should there be a determination on the point? I think there should be, because we would have a definite Yes or No on whether all these rules are bad or these rules are good. At the moment, if I go to court A, they may say ‘No;’ I go to court B, they say ‘Yes.’ Or I go to Court of Appeal A, they say ‘Yes,’ but Court of Appeal B says ‘No.’

“The Constitution says the Supreme Court can take a dispute. People have said there is no dispute. So, the jurisprudential question is, ‘What is a dispute?’ Is a dispute a war or is a dispute a difference? And I think there is a difference. Now as to what is allowable, there are judges and there are lawyers and legislatures that have said Section 36 of the Constitution requires a physical building in terms of public. There are people that have said, ‘No, public is the ability of more than the litigant to attend the hearing.’ So, there is that point as to what is the meaning of public.

“The other thing is, in determining what a dispute is, we have to go beyond the narrow confines of ordinary matters that are not of public interest, that are not disputes between economic units of the State. When it comes to the administration of justice, dispute is totally different; it is about the administration of justice, it is also about the ability of the Governor of Lagos to ensure that his executive policies in running the state come to fruition. The Governor of Lagos State is entitled to ensure that the law in Lagos State is one that assures local and domestic investors that in this state there is justice; that in this state, the courts work functionally. He has an interest. These are the public interest issues.”

Fapohunda had while unveiling plans by the South West Attorneys-General to litigate the controversy, said: “Since the National Judicial Council issued its Guidelines for court sittings in this COVID-19 period, we have had a national conversation particularly among justice sector stakeholders on the constitutionality or otherwise of remote court hearings.”

Continuing, the Ekiti State Attorneys-General & Commissioner for Justice said: “Let me however quickly use this opportunity to inform participants that following a resolution of the South West Attorneys-General, the Attorneys-General of Lagos, Ondo and Oyo States have decided to approach the Supreme Court to seek a constitutional interpretation of Section 36(3) & (4) of the 1999 Constitution, particularly as it relates to remote court hearings. We will be filing the necessary papers in the Supreme Court tomorrow.” He added: “We are convinced that a definite pronouncement by the Supreme Court is necessary in order to put the matter at rest once and for all.”

Since the issuance of the NJC Guidelines and several Practice Directions on virtual court hearings, some jurists have argued that virtual hearings violate the 1999 Constitution on the requirement that court hearings must be held in public.

Section 36(3) and (4) of the 1999 Constitution provides as follows:
“(3) The proceedings of a court or the proceedings of any tribunal relating to the matters mentioned in subsection (1) of this section (including the announcement of the decisions of the court or tribunal) shall be held in public.
(4) Whenever any person is charged with a criminal offence, he shall, unless the charge is withdrawn, be entitled to a fair hearing in public within a reasonable time by a court or tribunal:
Provided that –
(a) a court or such a tribunal may exclude from its proceedings persons other than the parties thereto or their legal practitioners in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, the welfare of persons who have not attained the age of eighteen years, the protection of the private lives of the parties or to such extent as it may consider necessary by reason of special circumstances in which publicity would be contrary to the interests of justice;
(b) if in any proceedings before a court or such a tribunal, a Minister of the Government of the Federation or a commissioner of the government of a State satisfies the court or tribunal that it would not be in the public interest for any matter to be publicly disclosed, the court or tribunal shall make arrangements for evidence relating to that matter to be heard in private and shall take such other action as may be necessary or expedient to prevent the disclosure of the matter.”

Hosted by Mr. Folabi Kuti, a Partner in Perchstone & Graeys, the NBA Lagos Branch webinar also featured former President of Civil Liberties Organisation (CLO), Ms. Ayo Obe and Branch Chairman, Mr. Yemi Akangbe.

Please send emails to citylawyermag@gmail.com. Copyright 2018 CITY LAWYER. All materials available on this Website are protected by copyright, trade mark and other proprietary and intellectual property laws. You may not use any of our intellectual property rights without our express written consent or attribution to www.citylawyermag.com. However, you are permitted to print or save to your individual PC, tablet or storage extracts from this Website for your own personal non-commercial use.

  • EDITOR'S CHOICE
  • Jun 06, 2020
  • 0
  • Comments Off on VIRTUAL COURTS SUIT: ‘WHY S/W ATTORNEYS-GENERAL MUST RETRACE STEPS,’ BY UDEMEZUE

VIRTUAL COURTS SUIT: ‘WHY S/W ATTORNEYS-GENERAL MUST RETRACE STEPS,’ BY UDEMEZUE

The controversy over plans by Attorneys-General of Nigeria’s South West Zone to seek a constitutional interpretation of virtual court hearings has refused to abate.

CITY LAWYER had in an exclusive report noted that there was a move by the six South West attorneys-general to approach the Supreme Court for an interpretation of section 36(3) and (4) of the 1999 Constitution as it relates to virtual court hearings. The Attorneys-General have also come under fire from several jurists including a federal judge for the move.

In this article, Nigerian Law School teacher, Mr. Sylvester Udemezue advises the State chief law officers on how to rework their strategy to have a fighting chance of success with the initiative.

THE BACKGROUND
I recently read of plans by Attorneys-General (AG`s) of Nigeria’s South West Zone to approach the Supreme Court for a judicial interpretation of section 36(3) and (4) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, as it relates to virtual court hearing. The report which came under the headline, “Virtual Hearing: South West AG`s Storm Supreme Court Tomorrow” and published by the City Lawyer stated, in part, as follows:

‘Attorneys-General of Nigeria’s South West Zone have resolved to seek a constitutional interpretation of virtual court hearings as set out in the National Judicial Council (NJC) Guidelines and Sundry Practice Directions issued by heads of courts, CITY LAWYER can exclusively report. Speaking today at an Attorneys-General Colloquium on “Remote hearing and e-filing in Nigeria: A broader perspective and practical, foolproof implementation,” Ekiti State Attorney-General & Commissioner for Justice, Mr. Olawale Fapohunda said the Attorneys-General of Lagos, Ondo and Oyo States would head to the Supreme Court tomorrow to test the constitutionality of remote hearings. His words: “Since the National Judicial Council issued its Guidelines for court sittings in this COVID-19 period, we have had a national conversation particularly among justice sector stakeholders on the constitutionality or otherwise of remote court hearings.” Continuing, the leading justice reform advocate said: “Let me however quickly use this opportunity to inform participants that following a resolution of the South West Attorneys-General, the Attorneys-General of Lagos, Ondo and Oyo States have decided to approach the Supreme Court to seek a constitutional interpretation of Section 36(3) & (4) of the 1999 Constitution, particularly as it relates to remote court hearings. We will be filing the necessary papers in the Supreme Court tomorrow. Fapohunda, who was the Host of the webinar organized by Ekiti State Ministry of Justice and LawPavilion, added that “We are convinced that a definite pronouncement by the Supreme Court is necessary in order to put the matter at rest once and for all.’

Lawyers have been speaking on the development, with some giving kudos while some others give their knocks. (see https://citylawyermag.com/2020/06/05/virtual-courts-judge-sans-knock-s-w-attorneys-general-over-supreme-court-suit/). On his part, one respected senior lawyer has suggested that if the National Assembly could have powers to amend the Constitution over the virtual hearing (see “Senate introduces bill to Legalize virtual court proceedings” published on https://www.von.gov.ng/), the planned suit by the Southwest AG`s might not be out of place, as, according to him, it would assist to quickly resolve the matter, to determine whether or not there is any need for constitution amendment in that regard.

MY COMMENT
In my humble opinion, the power of the legislature (in this case, the Nigerian National Assembly) to make laws or to amend any law or the Constitution is clearly different, and as such is distinguishable, from the legal standing (locus standi) of the Attorneys-General to institute an action at the Supreme Court for this purpose. The National Assembly is empowered by section 4(2) of the Constitution to make laws for the order and good governance of Nigeria or any part of it. This power may be exercised any time without the need to wait for any live dispute, real controversy or incident to arise.

On the other hand, it is trite that a Court of Law does not sit over a hypothetical matter, as this amounts to a mere academic exercise. As already settled by the same Supreme Court, for a court’s jurisdiction to hear and determine a case brought before it, can get validly activated, the claimant or applicant must establish that there is a cause of action, and that he (the claimant) has the legal standing to institute the action, although in certain public interest and human right cases, existence of locus standi could be dispensed with.

What cannot be dispensed with, however, is prior existence of a cause of action, and this is because a suit is filed in court for purposes or remedying an wrong allegedly done to the claimant. The existence of a valid action presupposes that (1) a legal right exists which (2) had been violated (3) leading to some injury on a person or thing (4) which is legally remediable. In a long line of cases, including OSHOBA v. AMUDA, (2). MOBIL v. LASEOA, (3) CHEVRON v. LONESTAR, (4). BELLO v. AG, OYO), the Supreme Court has recognized the indispensability of existence of a cause of action (a real controversy) to the activation of the court’s jurisdiction.

In the instance case, based on the aforesaid, if the dream of these AG`s finally becomes a reality, the question that would be thrown up is as regards existence or otherwise of any live dispute or real controversy upon which the Hon AG’s could be said to have filed such a suit before the Supreme Court? I think the AG`s might have an enormous task convincing the Supreme Court that a cause of action actually exists. But there may be an alternative course, where the Supreme Court option fails; the AG’s could persuade or encourage one of the parties to the recently-conducted virtual court hearings in the High Court of Lagos State, to proceed on appeal to challenge the validity of one of the virtual proceedings. Because of the crucial nature of the subject matter, the head of the Court of Appeal would ensure that the case is afforded an accelerated hearing so that whoever loses is further encouraged to move over to the Supreme Court for a final determination. As good as it looks, this approach comes with its own challenges because, under such circumstances, question pertaining to breach of that aspect of Legal Professional Ethics relating to “Instigation of Controversy” might arise. Rule 47 (1) of the RPC expressly admonishes the Legal Practitioner to refrain from fermenting strife or instigating controversy. The Hon AG’s advising a person/party, save their close relations, to institute a law suit or to file an appeal in court, might be viewed as a violation of this Rule.

MY ADVICE
Why not we get the National Assembly to speedily amend the Constitution and thus clear all doubts. During the virtual hearing webinar organized by Law & Society Forum (LaSF) on 29 May, 2020, at which I was a Speaker, I had drawn our attention to the admonition of the Supreme Court in the case of Doherty v Doherty (1968), that use of Writ of Summons should be resorted where there is “uncertainty as to what mode of commencement of action should be used.” Why can’t we, by way of analogy, apply that counsel here. Nigerian lawyers and jurists are evenly divided as to the constitutionality or otherwise of conducting virtual court proceedings in Nigeria without a prior constitution amendment or legal reform, which means that we’ve have arrived a point of uncertainty in regard to the matter. I accordingly respectfully advise us to please err on the side of caution by adopting the approach that would save us much stress, in the long run, especially in view of the ripple effects of the recent decision of the Supreme Court in UDEOGU V FRN (Orji KALU Case) (see https://www.tvcnews.tv/scourt-nullifies-orji-kalus-conviction-orders-fresh-trial/) wherein section 396(7) Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA), 2015 was struck down on grounds of its inconsistency with provisions of the Constitution.

Although the procedure for Constitution amendment in Nigeria is not a “moi-moi” matter (not easy; is cumbersome), if these AG’s cooperate with the National Assembly on the matter, it would take less than the next two months to get the Constitution amended to expressly authorize or legalize virtual hearing and thus leave no one in doubt while saving us all future embarrassing controversy. The time and resources the AG’s propose to expend at the Supreme Court over a mere academic exercise that is likely going to be thrown out on grounds of absence of a cause of action or locus standi or both, should be channeled towards rendering necessary cooperation to the National Assembly to do the needful within the shortest possible time. American operatic soprano, Beverly Sills, (1929-2007) once said, “there are no shortcuts to anyplace worth going.”

Respectfully,
SYLVESTER UDEMEZUE (udems)

Please send emails to citylawyermag@gmail.com. Copyright 2018 CITY LAWYER. All materials available on this Website are protected by copyright, trade mark and other proprietary and intellectual property laws. You may not use any of our intellectual property rights without our express written consent or attribution to www.citylawyermag.com. However, you are permitted to print or save to your individual PC, tablet or storage extracts from this Website for your own personal non-commercial use.

  • EDITOR'S CHOICE
  • Jun 03, 2020
  • 0
  • Comments Off on VIRTUAL HEARING: SOUTH WEST AGs STORM SUPREME COURT TOMORROW

VIRTUAL HEARING: SOUTH WEST AGs STORM SUPREME COURT TOMORROW

Attorneys-General of Nigeria’s South West Zone have resolved to seek a constitutional interpretation of virtual court hearings as set out in the National Judicial Council (NJC) Guidelines and sundry Practice Directions issued by heads of courts, CITY LAWYER can exclusively report.

Speaking today at an Attorneys-General Colloquium on “Remote hearing and e-filing in Nigeria: A broader perspective and practical, foolproof implementation,” Ekiti State Attorney-General & Commissioner for Justice, Mr. Olawale Fapohunda said the Attorneys-General of Lagos, Ondo and Oyo States would head to the Supreme Court tomorrow to test the constitutionality of remote hearings.

His words: “Since the National Judicial Council issued its Guidelines for court sittings in this COVID-19 period, we have had a national conversation particularly among justice sector stakeholders on the constitutionality or otherwise of remote court hearings.”

Continuing, the leading justice reform advocate said: “Let me however quickly use this opportunity to inform participants that following a resolution of the South West Attorneys-General, the Attorneys-General of Lagos, Ondo and Oyo States have decided to approach the Supreme Court to seek a constitutional interpretation of Section 36(3) & (4) of the 1999 Constitution, particularly as it relates to remote court hearings. We will be filing the necessary papers in the Supreme Court tomorrow.”

Fapohunda, who was the Host of the webinar organized by Ekiti State Ministry of Justice and LawPavilion, added that “We are convinced that a definite pronouncement by the Supreme Court is necessary in order to put the matter at rest once and for all.”

Since the issuance of the NJC Guidelines and several Practice Directions on virtual court hearings, some jurists have argued that virtual hearings violate the 1999 Constitution on the requirement that court hearings must be held in public.

Section 36(3) and (4) of the 1999 Constitution provides as follows:
“(3) The proceedings of a court or the proceedings of any tribunal relating to the matters mentioned in subsection (1) of this section (including the announcement of the decisions of the court or tribunal) shall be held in public.
(4) Whenever any person is charged with a criminal offence, he shall, unless the charge is withdrawn, be entitled to a fair hearing in public within a reasonable time by a court or tribunal:

Provided that –
(a) a court or such a tribunal may exclude from its proceedings persons other than the parties thereto or their legal practitioners in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, the welfare of persons who have not attained the age of eighteen years, the protection of the private lives of the parties or to such extent as it may consider necessary by reason of special circumstances in which publicity would be contrary to the interests of justice;

(b) if in any proceedings before a court or such a tribunal, a Minister of the Government of the Federation or a commissioner of the government of a State satisfies the court or tribunal that it would not be in the public interest for any matter to be publicly disclosed, the court or tribunal shall make arrangements for evidence relating to that matter to be heard in private and shall take such other action as may be necessary or expedient to prevent the disclosure of the matter.”

Other speakers at the webinar were the Managing Director of LawPavillion Business Solutions, Mr. Ope Olugasa and the Group Managing Director of Telnet Nigerian Limited, Mr. Folorunsho Aliu. According to the organisers, participants at the webinar attended by CITY LAWYER included justice sector stakeholders, legal practitioners, court officials, and law enforcement agencies.

Please send emails to citylawyermag@gmail.com. Copyright 2018 CITY LAWYER. All materials available on this Website are protected by copyright, trade mark and other proprietary and intellectual property laws. You may not use any of our intellectual property rights without our express written consent or attribution to www.citylawyermag.com. However, you are permitted to print or save to your individual PC, tablet or storage extracts from this Website for your own personal non-commercial use.